Hip microinstability and its association with femoroacetabular impingement: A scoping review

Authors

  • Rahel Caliesch Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research (RERE) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels - Belgium and School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Valais, Sion - Switzerland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-5793
  • David Beckwée Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research (RERE) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels - Belgium https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-9993
  • Jan Taeymans Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Professions, University of Applied Sciences Bern, Bern - Switzerland and Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels - Belgium https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-4043
  • Joseph M Schwab Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, HFR Fribourg – Cantonal Hospital, University of Fribourg, Fribourg - Switzerland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7068-5215
  • Thomas Renaud Institute for Physiotherapy Research, Brügg, Bern - Switzerland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-9589
  • Quentin Brossard Medical Center Wankdorf - Department of Sport Physiotherapy, Bern - Switzerland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8308-8922
  • Roger Hilfiker Physiotherapie Tschopp & Hilfiker, Glis - Switzerland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8662-6116

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33393/aop.2024.3063

Keywords:

femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), hip impingement, hip microinstability, scoping review

Abstract

Introduction: Hip microinstability has become a recognized cause of non-arthritic hip pain and disability in young patients. However, its pathophysiology remains unclear. We want to (1) present an overview of the evidence of hip microinstability and of its association with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), (2) map out the type of evidence available, and (3) make recommendations for future research.

Methods: A deductive analysis and extraction method was used to extract information. In addition, diagnostic accuracy statistics were extracted or calculated.

Results: Of the 2,808 identified records, 123 were eligible for inclusion. Different definitions for microinstability exist. A standardized terminology and clear diagnostic criteria are lacking. FAI and microinstability may be associated and may aggravate each other. Conservative treatment strategies for FAI and microinstability are similar. The reported prevalence of microinstability in combination with FAI ranges from 21% to 42% in adults undergoing hip arthroscopy or magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) of the hip.

Conclusion: Hip microinstability and FAI may be associated, occur together, or exacerbate each other. To better address this topic, a standardized terminology for microinstability is essential. Achieving consensus on physical examination and diagnosis is also necessary. Initial efforts to establish uniform diagnostic criteria have been made, but further work is needed. Specifically, randomized controlled trials are required to evaluate the effectiveness of training programmes aimed at reducing symptoms in individuals with microinstability, with or without FAI. Such studies will enable clinicians to manage microinstability with greater confidence within this context.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Dangin A, Tardy N, Wettstein M, May O, Bonin N. Microinstability of the hip: a review. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016;102(8S):S301-S309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2016.09.002 PMID:27744000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2016.09.002
  2. Truntzer JN, Hoppe DJ, Shapiro LM, Safran MR. Can the FEAR index be used to predict microinstability in patients undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery? Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(13):3158-3165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519876105 PMID:31603694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519876105
  3. Packer JD, Cowan JB, Rebolledo BJ, et al. The Cliff Sign: a new radiographic sign of hip instability. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(11):2325967118807176. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118807176 PMID:30480017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118807176
  4. Reiman MP, Agricola R, Kemp JL, et al. Consensus recommendations on the classification, definition and diagnostic criteria of hip-related pain in young and middle-aged active adults from the International Hip-related Pain Research Network, Zurich 2018. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(11):631-641. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101453 PMID:31959678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101453
  5. Hoppe DJ, Truntzer JN, Shapiro LM, Abrams GD, Safran MR. Diagnostic accuracy of 3 physical examination tests in the assessment of hip microinstability. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(11):2325967117740121. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117740121 PMID:29226163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117740121
  6. Safran MR. Microinstability of the hip – gaining acceptance. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(1):12-22. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00664 PMID:30475277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00664
  7. Economopoulos KJ, Kweon CY, Gee AO, Morris ST, Hassebrock JD, Chhabra A. The pull test: a dynamic test to confirm hip microinstability. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2019;1(1):e67-e74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2019.07.006 PMID:32266342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2019.07.006
  8. Kalisvaart MM, Safran MR. Microinstability of the hip – it does exist: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2015;2(2):123-135. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnv017 PMID:27011829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnv017
  9. Duncan ST, Bogunovic L, Baca G, Schoenecker PL, Clohisy JC. Are there sex-dependent differences in acetabular dysplasia characteristics? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(4):1432-1439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-015-4155-7 PMID:25637398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-015-4155-7
  10. Griffin DR, Dickenson EJ, Wall PDH, et al; FASHIoN Study Group. Hip arthroscopy versus best conservative care for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (UK FASHIoN): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10136):2225-2235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31202-9 PMID:29893223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31202-9
  11. Hunter DJ, Eyles J, Murphy NJ, et al. Multi-centre randomised controlled trial comparing arthroscopic hip surgery to physiotherapist-led care for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome on hip cartilage metabolism: the Australian FASHIoN trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):697. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04576-z PMID:34399702 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04576-z
  12. Mansell NS, Rhon DI, Meyer J, Slevin JM, Marchant BG. Arthroscopic surgery or physical therapy for patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: a randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(6):1306-1314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517751912 PMID:29443538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517751912
  13. Palmer AJR, Ayyar Gupta V, Fernquest S, et al; FAIT Study Group. Arthroscopic hip surgery compared with physiotherapy and activity modification for the treatment of symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement: multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2019;364:l185. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l185 PMID:30733197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l185
  14. Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement. 2021;19(1):3-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000277 PMID:33570328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000277
  15. Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x PMID:30453902 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
  16. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850 PMID:30178033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
  17. Shu B, Safran MR. Hip instability: anatomic and clinical considerations of traumatic and atraumatic instability. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30(2):349-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2010.12.008 PMID:21419960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2010.12.008
  18. Cerezal L, Arnaiz J, Canga A, et al. Emerging topics on the hip: ligamentum teres and hip microinstability. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3745-3754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.04.001 PMID:21723682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.04.001
  19. Suter A, Dietrich TJ, Maier M, Dora C, Pfirrmann CW. MR findings associated with positive distraction of the hip joint achieved by axial traction. Skeletal Radiol. 2015;44(6):787-795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-015-2099-3 PMID:25620689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-015-2099-3
  20. Bolia I, Chahla J, Locks R, Briggs K, Philippon MJ. Microinstability of the hip: a previously unrecognized pathology. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2016;6(3):354-360. https://doi.org/10.32098/mltj.03.2016.11 PMID:28066740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32098/mltj.03.2016.11
  21. Jackson TJ, Peterson AB, Akeda M, et al. Biomechanical effects of capsular shift in the treatment of hip microinstability: creation and testing of a novel hip instability model. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(3):689-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515620391 PMID:26717973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515620391
  22. Domb BG, Philippon MJ, Giordano BD. Arthroscopic capsulotomy, capsular repair, and capsular plication of the hip: relation to atraumatic instability. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(1):162-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2012.04.057 PMID:22901333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2012.04.057
  23. Harris JD, Gerrie BJ, Lintner DM, Varner KE, McCulloch PC. Microinstability of the hip and the splits radiograph. Orthopedics. 2016;39(1):e169-e175. https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20151228-08 PMID:26730687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20151228-08
  24. d’Hemecourt PA, Sugimoto D, McKee-Proctor M, et al. Can dynamic ultrasonography of the hip reliably assess anterior femoral head translation? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2019;477(5):1086-1098. https://doi.org/10.1097/CORR.0000000000000457 PMID:30531425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CORR.0000000000000457
  25. Harris JD. Hypermobile hip syndrome. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2019;27(3):108-118. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.otsm.2019.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.otsm.2019.04.002
  26. Bellabarba C, Sheinkop MB, Kuo KN. Idiopathic hip instability. An unrecognized cause of coxa saltans in the adult. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;(355):261-271. PMID: 9917612.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199810000-00028
  27. Mascarenhas VV, Castro MO, Afonso PD. Hip, pelvis and sacro-iliac joints. In: Vanhoenacker FM, Maas M, Gielen JL, eds. Imaging of orthopedic sports injuries. Medical radiology. Springer, Cham 2020; 353-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2020_256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2020_256
  28. Parvaresh KC, Rasio J, Azua E, Nho SJ. Hip instability in the athlete: anatomy, etiology, and management. Clin Sports Med. 2021;40(2):289-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2020.11.005 PMID:33673887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2020.11.005
  29. Vera AM, Nho SJ, Mather RC, Wuerz TH, Harris JD. Hip instability in ballet dancers: a narrative review. J Dance Med Sci. 2021;25(3):176-190. https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.091521c PMID:34082862 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12678/1089-313X.091521c
  30. Mitchell RJ, Gerrie BJ, McCulloch PC, et al. Radiographic evidence of hip microinstability in elite ballet. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(6):1038-1044.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2015.12.049 PMID:26944667 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2015.12.049
  31. Harris JD, Slikker W, Abrams GD, Nho SJ. Atraumatic instability and surgical technique. In: Nho S, Leunig M, Larson C, Bedi A, Kelly B, eds. Hip arthroscopy and hip joint preservation surgery. New York: Springer 2015; 1001-1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6965-0_88 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6965-0_88
  32. Rosinsky PJ. Editorial commentary: hip joint laxity, microinstability, or instability require precise definition: no matter what you call it, it’s here to stay! Arthroscopy. 2022;38(10):2850-2851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.04.007 PMID:36192045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.04.007
  33. Martin H, Robinson PG, Maempel JF, et al. Pre- and intraoperative decision-making challenges in hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement. Bone Joint J. 2022;104-B(5):532-540. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.104B5.BJJ-2021-1553.R1 PMID:35491576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.104B5.BJJ-2021-1553.R1
  34. Wong SE, Cogan CJ, Zhang AL. Physical examination of the hip: assessment of femoroacetabular impingement, labral pathology, and microinstability. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2022;15(2):38-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-022-09745-8 PMID:35171468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-022-09745-8
  35. Jean PO, Safran MR, Ayeni OR. Hip microinstability: fact or fiction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023;31(1):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-021-06835-x PMID:35064288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-021-06835-x
  36. Shindle MK, Ranawat AS, Kelly BT. Diagnosis and management of traumatic and atraumatic hip instability in the athletic patient. Clin Sports Med. 2006;25(2):309-326, ix-x. ix-x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2005.12.003 PMID:16638494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2005.12.003
  37. Boykin RE, Anz AW, Bushnell BD, Kocher MS, Stubbs AJ, Philippon MJ. Hip instability. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19(6):340-349. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201106000-00004 PMID:21628645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201106000-00004
  38. Bolia I, Briggs KK, Philippon MJ. High specificity of the hip dial test to diagnose anterior capsular insufficiency in patients with FAI-related microinstability of the hip. Arthrosc - J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2019;35:e29-e. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2019.11.074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2019.11.074
  39. Parvaresh KC. Editorial commentary: axial stress examination under anesthesia provides a highly reliable test for measurement of hip distraction. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(5):1478-1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.12.016 PMID:35501014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.12.016
  40. Khanduja V, Darby N, O’Donnell J, et al; International Microinstability Expert Panel. Diagnosing hip microinstability: an international consensus study using the Delphi methodology. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023;31(1):40-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06933-4 PMID:35499620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06933-4
  41. Neira A, Amenabar T, Cristi-Sánchez I, et al. Evaluation of atraumatic hip instability measured by triaxial accelerometry during walking. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2019;6(2):134-139. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnz018 PMID:31660198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnz018
  42. Philippon MJ, Zehms CT, Briggs KK, Manchester DJ, Kuppersmith DA. Hip instability in the athlete. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2007;15(4):189-194. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.otsm.2007.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.otsm.2007.10.004
  43. Smith MV, Sekiya JK. Hip instability. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2010;18(2):108-112. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0b013e3181de0fff PMID:20473129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0b013e3181de0fff
  44. Curtis DM, Murray IR, Money AJ, Pullen WM, Safran MR. Hip microinstability: Understanding a newly defined hip pathology in young athletes. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(2):211-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.12.001 PMID:35123704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.12.001
  45. Lall AC, Walsh JP, Maldonado DR, et al. Teamwork in hip preservation: the ISHA 2019 annual scientific meeting. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2020;7(suppl 1):2-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa037 PMID:33072394 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa037
  46. Cohen D, Jean PO, Patel M, et al. Hip microinstability diagnosis and management: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023;31(1):16-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06976-7 PMID:35441843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06976-7
  47. Curtis DM, Pullen WM, Murray IR, Money AJ, Segovia N, Safran MR. Female gender, decreased lateral center edge angle and a positive hyperextension-external rotation test are associated with ease of hip distractability at time of hip arthroscopy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2022;30(6):2188-2194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06925-4 PMID:35316369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06925-4
  48. Mohtadi NG, Griffin DR, Pedersen ME, et al. The development and validation of a self-administered quality-of-life outcome measure for young, active patients with symptomatic hip disease: the International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33). Arthroscopy. 2012;28(5):595-605; quiz 606-10.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2012.03.013. PMID: 22542433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2012.03.013
  49. Thorborg K, Hölmich P, Christensen R, Petersen J, Roos EM. The Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS): development and validation according to the COSMIN checklist. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(6):478-491. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.080937 PMID:21478502 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.080937
  50. Philippon MJ, Briggs KK, Goljan P, Peixoto LP. The hip dial test to diagnose symptomatic hip instability. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(10):e123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.07.151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.07.151
  51. Ranawat AS, Gaudiani MA, Slullitel PA, Satalich J, Rebolledo BJ. Foot progression angle walking test: a dynamic diagnostic assessment for femoroacetabular impingement and hip instability. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(1):2325967116679641. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116679641 PMID:28203594 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116679641
  52. Ranawat AS, Park C, Licatesi T, Rebolledo BJ, Satalich J. Foot progression angle walking test – an effective dynamic test for the diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement and hip instability. Orthop J Sports Med. 2015;3(7_suppl 2):2325967115S00140. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115S00140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115S00140
  53. Curtis DM, Pullen WM, Hopkins JN, et al. Can hip passive range of motion predict hip microinstability? A comparative study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2023;11(6):23259671231169978. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671231169978 PMID:37347027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671231169978
  54. Safran MR, Hopkins J, Elisman K, Finlay A, Segovia NA. Can hip microinstability be predicted by hip range of motion. J ISAKOS. 2021;6(6):494.
  55. Hatem MA, Helal A, Khoury AN, Martin HD. Anteroinferior hip instability in flexion during dynamic arthroscopic examination is associated with abnormal anterior acetabular horn. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(12):2325967120965564. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120965564 PMID:33415172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120965564
  56. Wyatt M, Weidner J, Pfluger D, Beck M. The Femoro-Epiphyseal Acetabular Roof (FEAR) index: a new measurement associated with instability in borderline hip dysplasia? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(3):861-869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5137-0 PMID:27796801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5137-0
  57. Zurmühle CA, Kuner V, McInnes J, Pfluger DH, Beck M. The crescent sign – a predictor of hip instability in magnetic resonance arthrography. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2021;8(2):164-171. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnab067 PMID:35145713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnab067
  58. Meyer AM, Schaver AL, Cohen BH, Glass NA, Willey MC, Westermann RW. FEAR index in predicting treatment among patients with femoroacetabular impingement and hip dysplasia and the relationship of femoral version. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2022;9(2):84-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnac023 PMID:35854808 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnac023
  59. Schwabe M, Pascual-Garrido C, Clohisy J, Graesser E, Nepple J. Acetabular dysplasia: three-dimensional deformity predictors of the diagnosis of symptomatic instability treated with periacetabular osteotomy. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(7_suppl 6):2325967120S00426. DOI: 10.1177/2325967120S00426 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120S00426
  60. Schwabe MT, Clohisy JC, A Graesser E, Pascual-Garrido C, Nepple JJ. External validation of the FEAR index in borderline acetabular dysplasia. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10(8):23259671221113837. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671221113837 PMID:35990876 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671221113837
  61. Larson CM. Editorial commentary: restoration of hip capsular tension is more important than repair construct configuration. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(12):3149-3151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.07.004 PMID:36462780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.07.004
  62. Woodward RM, Vesey RM, Bacon CJ, White SG, Brick MJ, Blankenbaker DG. Microinstability of the hip: a systematic review of the imaging findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2020;49(12):1903-1919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03516-7 PMID:32583134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03516-7
  63. Berthelot JM, Brulefert K, Arnolfo P, Le Goff B, Darrieutort-Laffite C. Update on contribution of hip labral tears to hip pain: a narrative review. Joint Bone Spine. 2023;90(1):105465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105465 PMID:36150666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105465
  64. Magerkurth O, Jacobson JA, Morag Y, Caoili E, Fessell D, Sekiya JK. Capsular laxity of the hip: findings at magnetic resonance arthrography. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(10):1615-1622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.07.261 PMID:23993056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.07.261
  65. Maas R, Wallentine S, Gerke D, Crager S, Stewart J. Posterior hip instability relocation testing: a resident’s case report. J Man Manip Ther. 2017;25(4):215-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2017.1318522 PMID:28912634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2017.1318522
  66. Reiman MP, Décary S, Mathew B, Reiman CK. Accuracy of clinical and imaging tests for the diagnosis of hip dysplasia and instability: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019;49(2):87-97. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2019.8476 PMID:30501384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2019.8476
  67. Gowd AK, Beck EC, Trammell AP, Edge C, Stubbs AJ. Evaluation of additional causes of hip pain in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Front Surg. 2022;9:697488. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2022.697488 PMID:36034352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2022.697488
  68. Spiker AM, Fabricant PD, Wong AC, Suryavanshi JR, Sink EL. Radiographic and clinical characteristics associated with a positive PART (Prone Apprehension Relocation Test): a new provocative exam to elicit hip instability. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2020;7(2):288-297. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa021 PMID:33163214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa021
  69. Watchmaker LE, Hetzel SJ, Sink EL, Spiker AM. Interrater reliability of the prone apprehension relocation test. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9(9):23259671211032229. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211032229 PMID:34568506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211032229
  70. MacDonald AA, Blankenbaker DG, Brick MJ, Hanna CM, Woodward RM. The posterior crescent sign on MRI and MR arthrography: is it a marker of hip dysplasia and instability? Skeletal Radiol. 2023;52(6):1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-022-04248-6 PMID:36478112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-022-04248-6
  71. Graesser E, Rhea L, Pascual-Garrido C, et al. Development and external validation of a novel clinical score to quantify the presence of instability characteristics in patients with borderline acetabular dysplasia. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(7_suppl 6):2325967120S00431. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120S00431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120S00208
  72. Horton B, West H, Marl J, Wylie J. Imaging markers of hip instability are associated with worse outcomes at two to four-year follow-up in female patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM), 2020 Annual Meeting (Virtual). Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8:1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120S00427
  73. Cohen D, Ifabiyi M, Mathewson G, et al. The radiographic femoroepiphyseal acetabular roof index is a reliable and reproducible diagnostic tool in patients undergoing hip-preservation surgery: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2023;39(4):1074-1087.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.11.041 PMID:36638902 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.11.041
  74. Dusak IWS, Ciatawi K. The application of the novel femoral-epiphyseal acetabular roof (FEAR) index. Orthop J Sports Med. 2023;11(2 suppl):2325967121S00914. doi: 10.1177/2325967121S00914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967121S00914
  75. Atzmon R, Safran MR. Arthroscopic treatment of mild/borderline hip dysplasia with concomitant femoroacetabular impingement – literature review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2022;15(4):300-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-022-09765-4 PMID:35708882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-022-09765-4
  76. Foissey C, Abid H, Martinot P, Cazor A, Thaunat M. Predictive radiological parameters of failure following surgical management of femoroacetabular impingement associated with borderline acetabular dysplasia. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2023;109(4):103349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103349 PMID:35688380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103349
  77. Cvetanovich GL, Beck EC, Chalmers PN, et al. Assessment of hip translation in vivo in patients with femoracetabular impingement syndrome using 3-dimensional computed tomography. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020;2(2):e113-e120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2019.12.002 PMID:32368747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2019.12.002
  78. Agten CA, Sutter R, Buck FM, Pfirrmann CW. Hip imaging in athletes: sports imaging series. Radiology. 2016;280(2):351-369. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016151348 PMID:27429142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016151348
  79. Featherall J, O’Neill DC, Mortensen AJ, Tomasevich KM, Metz AK, Aoki SK. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance arthrography of post-arthroscopy hip instability demonstrates increased effective intracapsular volume and anterosuperior capsular changes. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(6):e1999-e2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.022 PMID:34977659 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.022
  80. Maldonado DR. CORR Insights®: can dynamic ultrasonography of the hip reliably assess anterior femoral head translation? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2019;477(5):1099-1100. https://doi.org/10.1097/CORR.0000000000000500 PMID:30247234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CORR.0000000000000500
  81. Sahr ME, Endo Y, Sink EL, Miller TT. Dynamic ultrasound assessment of hip instability and anterior and posterior hip impingement. Skeletal Radiol. 2023;52(7):1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-022-04264-6 PMID:36598522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-022-04264-6
  82. Packer JD, Foster MJ, Riley GM, et al. Capsular thinning on magnetic resonance arthrography is associated with intra-operative hip joint laxity in women. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2020;7(2):298-304. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa018 PMID:33163215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa018
  83. Curtis DM, Pullen WM, Murray IR, Money A, Safran M. The diagnosis of hip microinstability is correlated with ease of intra-operative hip distraction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023;31(1):33-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06998-1 PMID:35727318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06998-1
  84. Mortensen AJ, Tomasevich KM, Ohlsen SM, O’Neill DC, Featherall J, Aoki SK. Previous arthroscopic hip surgery increases axial distractibility compared to the native contralateral hip and may suggest instability. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(5):1466-1477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.09.021 PMID:34582993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.09.021
  85. Safran MR, Murray IR, Andrade AJ, et al. Criteria for the operating room confirmation of the diagnosis of hip instability: the results of an international expert consensus conference. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(10):2837-2849.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.03.027 PMID:35378192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.03.027
  86. Nwachukwu BU, Gaudiani MA, Marsh NA, Ranawat AS. Labral hypertrophy correlates with borderline hip dysplasia and microinstability in femoroacetabular impingement: a matched case-control analysis. Hip Int. 2019;29(2):198-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120700018807860 PMID:30354686 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1120700018807860
  87. Rosinsky PJ, Mayo BC, Kyin C, et al. The femoral head “divot” sign: a useful arthroscopic sign of hip microinstability. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(5):2325967120917919. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120917919 PMID:32490025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120917919
  88. Abrams GD, Luria A, Sampson J, et al. Decreased synovial inflammation in atraumatic hip microinstability compared with femoroacetabular impingement. Arthroscopy. 2017;33(3):553-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2016.09.007 PMID:27939067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2016.09.007
  89. Pullen WM, Curtis DM, Safran MR. Central femoral head chondromalacia is associated with a diagnosis of hip instability. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;4(2):e453-e457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.023 PMID:35494289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.023
  90. Shibata KR, Matsuda S, Safran MR. Is there a distinct pattern to the acetabular labrum and articular cartilage damage in the non-dysplastic hip with instability? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(1):84-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4342-4 PMID:27695906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4342-4
  91. Tibor LM, Liebert G, Sutter R, Impellizzeri FM, Leunig M. Two or more impingement and/or instability deformities are often present in patients with hip pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(12):3762-3773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2918-6 PMID:23512747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2918-6
  92. Westermann RW, Willey MC. Femoral version in hip arthroscopy: does it matter? Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2021;29(1):28-34. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000299 PMID:33395228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000299
  93. Casartelli NC, Maffiuletti NA, Bizzini M, Kelly BT, Naal FD, Leunig M. The management of symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement: what is the rationale for non-surgical treatment? Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(9):511-512. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095722 PMID:26907465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095722
  94. Selley R, Lawton C, Dooley M, et al. Capsular complications and subsequent instability on the rise as indications for revision hip arthroscopy. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9(10_suppl 5). doi:10.1177/2325967121S00279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967121S00279
  95. Mortensen AJ, Metz AK, Froerer DL, Aoki SK. Hip capsular deficiency – a cause of post-surgical instability in the revision setting following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2021;14(6):351-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-021-09732-5 PMID:34786635 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-021-09732-5
  96. Bayer JL, Sekiya JK. Hip instability and capsular laxity. Oper Tech Orthop. 2010;20(4):237-241. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.oto.2010.09.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.oto.2010.09.019
  97. Bowman KF Jr, Fox J, Sekiya JK. A clinically relevant review of hip biomechanics. Arthroscopy. 2010;26(8):1118-1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2010.01.027 PMID:20678712 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2010.01.027
  98. Canham CD, Domb BG, Giordano BD. Atraumatic hip instability. JBJS Rev. 2016;4(5):17. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.15.00045 PMID:27490215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.15.00045
  99. Krych AJ, Thompson M, Larson CM, Byrd JW, Kelly BT. Is posterior hip instability associated with cam and pincer deformity? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(12):3390-3397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-012-2468-3 PMID:22879091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-012-2468-3
  100. Bedi A, Galano G, Walsh C, Kelly BT. Capsular management during hip arthroscopy: from femoroacetabular impingement to instability. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(12):1720-1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2011.08.288 PMID:22047925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2011.08.288
  101. Hammoud S, Bedi A, Voos JE, Mauro CS, Kelly BT. The recognition and evaluation of patterns of compensatory injury in patients with mechanical hip pain. Sports Health. 2014;6(2):108-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738114522201 PMID:24587859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738114522201
  102. Charbonnier C, Kolo FC, Duthon VB, et al. Assessment of congruence and impingement of the hip joint in professional ballet dancers: a motion capture study. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(3):557-566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510386002 PMID:21160017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510386002
  103. Blakey CM, Field MH, Singh PJ, Tayar R, Field RE. Secondary capsular laxity of the hip. Hip Int. 2010;20(4):497-504. https://doi.org/10.1177/112070001002000413 PMID:21157755 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/112070001002000413
  104. Tibor LM, Ganz R, Leunig M. Anteroinferior acetabular rim damage due to femoroacetabular impingement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(12):3781-3787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2921-y PMID:23508843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2921-y
  105. Eijer H, Hogervorst T. Femoroacetabular impingement causes osteoarthritis of the hip by migration and micro-instability of the femoral head. Med Hypotheses. 2017;104:93-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.035 PMID:28673601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.035
  106. Hunt SA. Editorial commentary: hip cam overresection may result in inferior outcomes: the Goldilocks paradox of too little, too much, or just right? Arthroscopy. 2021;37(9):2817-2819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.06.010 PMID:34481622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.06.010
  107. Jackson TJ. Editorial commentary: microinstability after cam osteochondroplasty results from over-resection – everything in moderation. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(1):171-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2020.10.023 PMID:33384081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2020.10.023
  108. Friel N, Ukwuani G, Nho SJ. Current techniques in treating femoroacetabular impingement: capsular repair and plication. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2017;46(1):49-54. PMID: 28235113.
  109. Ortiz-Declet V, Mu B, Chen AW, et al. Should the capsule be repaired or plicated after hip arthroscopy for labral tears associated with femoroacetabular impingement or instability? A systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(1):303-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.030 PMID:28866345 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.030
  110. Woodward RM, Philippon MJ. Persistent or recurrent symptoms after arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement: a review of imaging findings. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2019;63(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.12822 PMID:30369089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.12822
  111. Tahoun MF, Lizano-Díez X, Soler BC, Pons MT. Superior outcomes after arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears with closed versus open capsule. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2023;31(10):4501-4509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-07266-y PMID:36471028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-07266-y
  112. Wu JY, Li W, Xu LY, Zheng G, Chen XD, Shen C. Ligamentum teres tears and increased combined anteversion are associated with hip microinstability in patients with borderline dysplasia. Arthroscopy. 2024;40(3):745-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2023.06.041. PMID: 37419221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2023.06.041
  113. Nepple JJ, Fowler LM, Larson CM. Decision-making in the borderline hip. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2021;29(1):15-21. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000298 PMID:33395225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000298
  114. Featherall J, Froerer D, Mortensen A, Aoki S, Metz A. Poster 195: inverse relationship of hip capsular thickness on magentic resonance imaging and increased axial distraction under anesthesia: further characterization of hip laxity. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10(7_suppl 5):2325967121S0075. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967121S00756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967121S00756
  115. Martin RL, McDonough C, Enseki K, Kohreiser D, Kivlan BR. Clinical relevance of the ligamentum teres: a literature review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019;14(3):459-467. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20190459 PMID:31681504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20190459
  116. Chahla J, Soares EAM, Devitt BM, et al. Ligamentum teres tears and femoroacetabular impingement: prevalence and preoperative findings. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(7):1293-1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2016.01.045 PMID:27083534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2016.01.045
  117. Martin RL, Palmer I, Martin HD. Ligamentum teres: a functional description and potential clinical relevance. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(6):1209-1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1663-1 PMID:21932079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1663-1
  118. Kaya M, Kano M, Sugi A, Sakakibara Y, Yamashita T. Factors contributing to the failure of conservative treatment for acetabular labrum tears. Eur Orthop Traumatol. 2014;5(3):261-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12570-013-0238-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12570-013-0238-7
  119. Swarup I, Zaltz I, Robustelli S, Sink E. Outcomes of periacetabular osteotomy for borderline hip dysplasia in adolescent patients. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2020;7(2):249-255. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa012 PMID:33163209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa012
  120. Matthewson G, Williams A, Macciacchera M, Shahabinezhad A, Duong A, Ayeni OR. Effective management options for treatment of microinstability of the hip: a scoping review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2023;16(1):9-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-022-09808-w PMID:36472785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-022-09808-w
  121. Ejnisman L, Elisman K, Safran MR. Effectiveness of nonoperative management of hip microinstability. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50(4):1013-1019. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465221075349 PMID:35254872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465221075349
  122. Savic M, D’Angelo K. Exploring the role of microinstability of the hip: an atypical presentation of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and labral tear in a collegiate endurance athlete: a case report. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2019;63(3):187-196. PMID:31988540
  123. Beck EC, Alter T, Mehta N, et al. Contemporary hip capsular management and closure using a suture passing device. Arthrosc Tech. 2019;8(9):e947-e952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2019.05.003 PMID:31687325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2019.05.003
  124. Wylie J, Beckmann J, Maak T, Aoki S. Capsular repair for instability following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement: preliminary outcomes and description of surgical technique. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(12):e206-e207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.09.050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.09.050
  125. Charles T, Jayankura M, Laude F. Treatment of hip microinstability with arthroscopic capsular plication: a retrospective case series. Hip Pelvis. 2023;35(1):15-23. https://doi.org/10.5371/hp.2023.35.1.15 PMID:36937217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5371/hp.2023.35.1.15
  126. Wolff AB, Scanaliato JP. Editorial commentary: the importance of capsular closure following hip arthroscopy – leave no trace: an outdoorsman’s ramblings. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(11):3041-3042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.06.008 PMID:36344060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.06.008
  127. Wu ZX, Ren WX, Ren YM, Tian MQ. Arthroscopic labral debridement versus labral repair for patients with femoroacetabular impingement: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(19):e20141. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020141 PMID:32384496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020141
  128. Brusalis CM, Peck J, Wilkin GP, et al. Periacetabular osteotomy as a salvage procedure: early outcomes in patients treated for iatrogenic hip instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020;102(suppl 2):73-79. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.00087 PMID:32516278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.00087
  129. Nepple JJ, Ambastha C, Abu-Amer W, Clohisy JC. Mid-term outcomes of combined hip arthroscopy and limited open capsular plication in the non-dysplastic hip. Iowa Orthop J. 2021;41(1):133-139. PMID:34552415
  130. Nepple JJ. Editorial commentary: at the intersection of borderline dysplasia and femoroacetabular impingement – which way should we turn? Arthroscopy. 2020;36(4):1185-1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2020.01.023 PMID:32247413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2020.01.023
  131. Jimenez AE, Monahan PF, Miecznikowski KB, et al. Achieving successful outcomes in high-level athletes with borderline hip dysplasia undergoing hip arthroscopy with capsular plication and labral preservation: a propensity-matched controlled study. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(9):2447-2456. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211021001 PMID:34156875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211021001
  132. Wong SE, Newhouse AC, Wichman DM, Bessa F, Williams J, Nho SJ. Patients with a high femoroepiphyseal roof with concomitant borderline hip dysplasia and femoroacetabular impingement syndrome do not demonstrate inferior outcomes following arthroscopic hip surgery. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(5):1509-1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.10.012 PMID:34710573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.10.012
  133. Kalisvaart MM, Safran MR. Hip instability treated with arthroscopic capsular plication. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(1):24-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4377-6 PMID:27885395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4377-6
  134. O’Neill DC, Mortensen AJ, Cannamela PC, Aoki SK. Clinical and radiographic presentation of capsular iatrogenic hip instability after previous hip arthroscopy. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(12):2927-2932. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520949821 PMID:32877211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520949821
  135. Wylie JD, Beckmann JT, Maak TG, Aoki SK. Arthroscopic capsular repair for symptomatic hip instability after previous hip arthroscopic surgery. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(1):39-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515608162 PMID:26419897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515608162
  136. Leunig M, Beaulé PE, Ganz R. The concept of femoroacetabular impingement: current status and future perspectives. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(3):616-622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-008-0646-0 PMID:19082681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-008-0646-0
  137. Parvizi J, Bican O, Bender B, et al. Arthroscopy for labral tears in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip: a cautionary note. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(6)(suppl):110-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2009.05.021 PMID:19596542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2009.05.021
  138. Curley AJ, Domb BG. Editorial commentary: evaluate for the Beighton Score and additional radiographic signs of instability prior to proceeding with hip arthroscopy in patients with combined borderline hip dysplasia and excessive femoral anteversion. Arthroscopy. 2023;39(4):978-980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.12.001 PMID:36872036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2022.12.001
  139. Hohmann E. Editorial commentary: hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement in patients with borderline dysplasia does not result in inferior outcomes compared with outcomes in patients without dysplasia: do not fear. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(5):1516-1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.12.026 PMID:35501017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.12.026
  140. Canham CD, Yen YM, Giordano BD. Does femoroacetabular impingement cause hip instability? A systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(1):203-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2015.07.021 PMID:26427629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2015.07.021
  141. Bedi A, Dolan M, Leunig M, Kelly BT. Static and dynamic mechanical causes of hip pain. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(2):235-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2010.07.022 PMID:21035993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2010.07.022
  142. Philippon MJ, Ho CP, Briggs KK, Stull J, LaPrade RF. Prevalence of increased alpha angles as a measure of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement in youth ice hockey players. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(6):1357-1362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513483448 PMID:23562808 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513483448
  143. Heerey J, Agricola R, Smith A, et al. The size and prevalence of bony hip morphology do not differ between football players with and without hip and/or groin pain: findings from the force cohort. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2021;51(3):115-125. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2021.9622 PMID:33356776 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2021.9622
  144. Retchford TH, Crossley KM, Grimaldi A, Kemp JL, Cowan SM. Can local muscles augment stability in the hip? A narrative literature review. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2013;13(1):1-12. PMID:23445909
  145. Cowan SM, Bennell KL, Hodges PW, Crossley KM, McConnell J. Simultaneous feedforward recruitment of the vasti in untrained postural tasks can be restored by physical therapy. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(3):553-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00191-2 PMID:12706031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00191-2
  146. Tsao H, Hodges PW. Immediate changes in feedforward postural adjustments following voluntary motor training. Exp Brain Res. 2007;181(4):537-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-0950-z PMID:17476489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-0950-z
  147. Jull G, Trott P, Potter H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine. 2002;27(17):1835-1843. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200209010-00004 PMID:12221344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200209010-00004